Trends in esophageal cancer mortality in the United States (1999–2024): Disparities by sex, race/ethnicity, region, and urbanization

Mortality due to esophageal cancer in the U.S. has declined modestly from 1999 to 2020, showing substantial variation across demographic and geographic subgroups. Black or African American populations experienced a significant decline in mortality rates compared to other racial groups, while rural areas exhibited concerning increases in mortality rates. Persistent disparities by sex, race/ethnicity, and urbanization underscore the need for targeted prevention strategies, early detection initiatives, and enhanced access to specialized care, particularly in rural settings where mortality trends diverge from the national pattern.