Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution Based on N-APSK Modulation over Seawater Channel

A continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) can be realized over the seawater channel, but the transmission of quantum signals in seawater media exhibits significant attenuation effects. Therefore, we propose an <i>N</i>-symbol amplitude and phase shift keying (<i>N</i>-APSK) modulation scheme to enhance the transmission performance of the CVQKD over the seawater channel. Specifically, an optimal <i>N</i>-APSK modulation scheme is designed based on the principle of maximizing the minimum Euclidean distance (MED). The simulation results show that the CVQKD protocol based on <i>N</i>-APSK modulation achieves a longer transmission distance over the seawater channel compared to the Gaussian modulation protocol. Additionally, increasing the value of <i>N</i> simultaneously expands the number of rings in the constellation diagram, further enhancing the communication distance. This study transfers modulation methods from the field of classical communications to the field of quantum communications, achieving a substantial improvement in communication distance and thereby promoting the integration of quantum communications and classical communications.