Neurobrucellosis and Multiple Sclerosis: Cause, Confounder, or Coincidence?

We report the case of a 17-year-old girl who was initially diagnosed with multiple sclerosis based on clinical and radiological findings and later confirmed to have neurobrucellosis via cerebrospinal fluid Brucella polymerase chain reaction positivity. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed demyelinating lesions consistent with multiple sclerosis, and Brucella infection due to epidemiological exposure was suspected. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first pediatric report of coexisting neurobrucellosis and multiple sclerosis. It underscores the diagnostic challenges in distinguishing between infectious and autoimmune demyelinating disorders, particularly in endemic regions, and highlights the importance of a comprehensive evaluation of atypical presentations.