LiteQSign: Lightweight and Quantum-Safe Signatures for Heterogeneous IoT Applications

The rapid proliferation of resource-constrained IoT devices across sectors like healthcare, industrial automation, and finance introduces major security challenges. Traditional digital signatures, though foundational for authentication, are often infeasible for low-end devices with limited computational, memory, and energy resources. Also, the rise of quantum computing necessitates post-quantum (PQ) secure alternatives. However, NIST-standardized PQ signatures impose substantial overhead, limiting their practicality in energy-sensitive applications such as wearables, where signer-side efficiency is critical. To address these challenges, we present LightQSign (LiteQS), a novel lightweight PQ signature that achieves near-optimal signature generation efficiency with only a small, constant number of hash operations per signing. Its core innovation enables verifiers to obtain one-time hash-based public keys without interacting with signers or third parties through secure computation. We formally prove the security of LiteQS in the random oracle model and evaluate its performance on commodity hardware and a resource-constrained 8-bit AtMega128A1 microcontroller. Experimental results show that LiteQS outperforms NIST PQ standards with lower computational overhead, minimal memory usage, and compact signatures. On an 8-bit microcontroller, it achieves up to 1.5–24× higher energy efficiency and 1.7–22× shorter signatures than PQ counterparts, and 56–76× better energy efficiency than conventional standards–enabling longer device lifespans and scalable, quantum-resilient authentication.