Challenges and resilience in monitoring the active volcanoes of the Virunga Chain: effects of political conflicts on scientific research and population safety in North Kivu, DR Congo

The Virunga volcanoes, including Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira, present unique challenges for volcanic hazard monitoring in the context of persistent geopolitical instability and conflict. These conditions severely impede researchers' ability to access critical areas, leading to gaps in data collection and increased risks of vandalism and destruction of scientific equipment. Such constraints compromise early warning systems and limit the implementation of effective safety measures for nearby populations. Despite these obstacles, innovative approaches offer promising solutions. The use of remote technologies, such as drones and satellite-based remote sensing, has emerged as a critical tool for overcoming logistical and security challenges, enabling the collection of essential data without direct field access. Furthermore, enhanced international cooperation and strengthened partnerships among research institutions can address gaps in funding and technical expertise, fostering more proactive volcanic risk management. Collaboration between scientists, local authorities, and communities is vital to build resilience against volcanic hazards. Empowering local populations through risk awareness and active participation in management strategies can mitigate the impacts of eruptions and prevent loss of life. This paper underscores the necessity of leveraging technological advancements and fostering global partnerships to ensure effective volcanic monitoring and community safety in conflict-affected regions like the Virunga volcanic chain.