Does mixed farming benefit moths? Exploring how different farming systems shape both local features and the wider landscape

Moths are important pollinators and provide an essential food source for higher taxa, yet many species that were once widespread are in decline across Europe. This is largely due to practices associated with intensive farming, such as pesticide and fertiliser applications and habitat loss. There is increasing interest in finding ways of farming that are beneficial to both humans and biodiversity. ‘Mixed’ farming, where livestock are integrated into the crop rotation, is thought to provide benefits to biodiversity by reducing synthetic inputs and by increasing habitat and crop diversity. However, at commercial stocking levels, livestock can have detrimental impacts on grassland Lepidoptera. We investigate the different pathways through which mixed farming could benefit moths in comparison to arable farming (where livestock are absent). Between June and August 2022, twenty-six farms in Scotland were surveyed for moths using light-trapping. Woodland edge density, which was higher on mixed farms, increased micro moth abundance and species richness. Positive effects of woodland were also observed for ‘farmland’ micro moths that do not feed on woody plants. However, for micro moth species richness this positive effect of woodland edge was outweighed by a direct negative effect of mixed farming, highlighting the need for more research to find livestock management practices that are beneficial for moths. • Mixed farming increased woodland edge with indirect benefits for farmland moths. • Woodland edge density shaped macro and micro moth communities. • Mixed farming had a negative direct effect on micro moth species richness. • Taller hedgerows increased farmland micro moth abundance and species richness.