Developing a Quick Isolation Bed Inquiry System During the COVID-19 Outbreak: User-Centered Design Approach Based on the Toyota Production System

Applying TBP enabled the rapid development of a user-centered, zero-cost bed management tool by repurposing existing digital assets. The intervention markedly improved efficiency, reliability, and usability without additional staffing or expenditure, providing a scalable model for agile health care systems operating under resource constraints. Future work will focus on deeper automation, such as application programming interface-based real-time updates, and on evaluating downstream impacts on patient flow and bed turnover.