Building the 21st century leadership mindset among talents in Indonesian state-owned banks: The roles of knowledge-oriented leadership, learning Organisational culture, and breadth of experience

This study examines the interrelationships between Knowledge-Oriented Leadership (KOL), Breadth of Experience (BOE), Learning Organisational Culture (LOC), and the 21st-Century Leadership Mindset (LM) within the context of talent management in Indonesia's state-owned banking enterprises. Drawing upon theories of organisational learning, experiential development, and leadership identity, the research adopts a quantitative approach involving 210 talent pool participants from leading state-owned banks. Data were analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) to test both measurement and structural models. The findings reveal that LOC has a significant and positive influence on LM, confirming its pivotal role as a cultural enabler in shaping adaptive, future-oriented leadership orientations. Contrary to theoretical expectations, KOL demonstrates a negative direct effect on LM, suggesting that an overemphasis on codified knowledge may hinder the emergence of agile leadership mindsets. Meanwhile, BOE exhibits an insignificant direct effect on LM but significantly enhances LM when mediated by LOC. Both KOL and BOE exert meaningful indirect effects through LOC, underscoring the mediating power of learning culture in leadership development. These results underscore the centrality of learning organisational culture in fostering leadership mindsets attuned to the demands of the 21st century. The study offers theoretical contributions by positioning LOC as a cultural infrastructure for leadership transformation and practical insights for state-owned enterprises seeking to future-proof their leadership talent. Limitations related to the cross-sectional design and sector-specific context are acknowledged, with recommendations for longitudinal and multi-sectoral research to validate and extend these findings.