Green Nanomaterial of Clammy inula (Inula viscosa L.) as an Effectual Antifungal forFusarium oxysporum

Clammy inula (Inula viscosa L.) is a native Meditranean perennial herb/shrub.It's antifungal activity against different plant pathogens has been proven by several studies; however, none of these studies investigated the antifungal activity of green nanomaterials extracted from I. viscosa against controlling plant pathogens.This research investigated the antifungal activity of green nanomaterials, specifically nickel and zinc nanoferrites derived from I. viscosa (interactions), against controlling F. oxysporum.The aim was to evaluate the efficacy of nanomaterials derived from both leaves and pappus of I. viscosa, and to assess the synergistic effects of combining these nanomaterials with I. viscosa extracts against F. oxysporum.Treatments, nanomaterials, and their interactions significantly influenced fungal growth rate and colony inhibition.The lowest average fungal growth rate (34.1%) was observed with the combination of I. viscosa leaves extract and NiFe2O4 nanomaterials, while the highest growth rate (68.5%) was recorded with leaf extract alone.The highest average inhibition rate of fungal colony growth (50.2%) was also observed with the interaction between leaves extract and NiFe2O4.The results were supported by UV spectra that confirmed the occurrence of nanoferrites.Clammy inula contains active bioingredients that are considered superior molecules for cell penetration.These findings suggest that the combination of plant leaf extract and green nanomaterials exhibits a synergistic antifungal effect against F. oxysporum.