Enhancing Spatial Reasoning in Geometry: The Role of Cooperative Learning Assisted by the GeoGebra Applet

Spatial reasoning is an important aspect of learning mathematics, especially in understanding geometry and visualizing three-dimensional (3D) shapes. However, many elementary school students face challenges in developing spatial reasoning skills due to traditional teaching methods that rely on static two-dimensional (2D) images. This study explores the use of the GeoGebra Applet integrated with cooperative learning as an approach to improve spatial reasoning in elementary students. A quasi-experimental research design was used, involving two groups that are an experimental group (N = 37) that received instruction using GeoGebra and cooperative learning strategies, and a control group (N = 38) that followed conventional teaching methods. Spatial reasoning abilities were assessed through pre-tests and post-tests, focusing on mental rotation, geometric transformation, spatial visualization, and problem-solving skills. The results showed a significant improvement in the experimental group, with the average score increasing from 50 to 81, compared to an increase from 46 to 66 in the control group. Mann-Whitney U test results confirmed a statistically significant difference between the two groups (p < 0.001), with an effect size (Cohen's r) of 0.52, indicating a large effect. These findings suggest that combining digital tools like GeoGebra with cooperative learning can effectively enhance spatial reasoning in elementary classrooms. The interactive nature of GeoGebra helps students explore geometric concepts more deeply, while cooperative learning improves collaboration and critical thinking. Further research is recommended to examine the long-term effects of approaches and address challenges related to technology access and teacher readiness.