Tele-Optometry and Teleophthalmology in the Digital Era: Expanding the Frontiers of Eye Care

Background:Tele-optometry and teleophthalmology are rapidly emerging as integral components of modern eye care delivery. By leveraging digital platforms, imaging devices, and artificial intelligence, they provide innovative pathways for screening, diagnosis, and management of ocular disorders while expanding access to underserved populations. Methods:This narrative review synthesizes recent evidence (2017–2025) from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar on clinical applications, technological enablers, AI integration, and ethical implications of tele-eye care. Studies on retinal biomarkers, OCT/OCTA imaging, pupillometry, and AI-assisted analysis were included, alongside policy and societal reports addressing digital health equity. Results:Tele-optometry facilitates core services such as refraction, contact lens care, and low-vision rehabilitation, while teleophthalmology enables remote screening for diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and retinopathy of prematurity. Emerging tools—including portable autorefractors, smartphone fundus cameras, and cloud-based platforms—enhance reach and feasibility. AI amplifies diagnostic accuracy through automated triage, image quality checks, and predictive modeling. Remaining challenges include inconsistent image quality, limited regulation, digital inequities, and algorithmic bias, underscoring the need for stronger ethical and governance frameworks. Conclusion:Tele-eye care is shifting from episodic visits to continuous, patient-centered monitoring. Future directions include IoMT wearables, AR/VR rehabilitation, and AI-driven global networks. Sustainable adoption requires stronger regulation, workforce training, and equitable access, positioning tele-optometry as vital enablers of preventive and universally accessible vision care.