Neoadjuvant Therapy in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Aligning Guideline Recommendations with Real-World Evidence

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the most lethal malignancies, with a 5-year overall survival below 12% and high recurrence rates even after R0 resection. Traditionally managed with a "surgery-first" approach, two consistent observations-the near-universal presence of micrometastatic disease at diagnosis and the frequent inability to complete adjuvant therapy-have driven the integration of neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) into clinical practice. NAT offers several theoretical and practical advantages: early systemic control of occult disease, improved delivery and completion of multimodal treatment, biological selection of surgical candidates, and increased R0 resection rates. While in borderline resectable PDAC, randomized trials have consistently demonstrated improved margin-negative resection rates and early survival benefits compared with upfront surgery, in resectable PDAC, evidence is more heterogeneous. Real-world studies corroborate trial findings, reporting higher R0 rates and reduced lymph node positivity without increased perioperative risk, but also highlight substantial heterogeneity in regimens, duration, and radiotherapy use. Limitations to universal NAT adoption include reliance on anatomy-based resectability criteria, absence of validated predictive biomarkers, challenges in response assessment, and concerns over disease progression during preoperative treatment. Future developments will focus on integrating molecular profiling, circulating tumor DNA dynamics, and advanced imaging into patient selection and treatment adaptation, supported by biomarker-enriched and adaptive trial designs. NAT is thus evolving from a selective strategy for borderline disease to an innovative framework to optimize multimodal treatment delivery and refine patient selection in PDAC, with the potential to improve surgical outcomes and inform systemic therapy decisions in both resectable and borderline resectable settings.