Cybersecurity mindset and upskilling: Resilience via lifelong learning and security education

Background: Cyber-crime has escalated globally, posing significant risks to individuals, organisations and governments. Traditional security approaches are no longer sufficient to address evolving threats, highlighting the need for a cybersecurity mindset grounded in education and continuous learning. This study responded to a critical gap in understanding how lifelong learning and upskilling contribute to building cyber resilience.Objectives: This study aimed to investigate how cybersecurity education and awareness initiatives foster a cybersecurity mindset and resilience among individuals and enterprises. It also examined the challenges and opportunities in enhancing collaboration between academia, industry and government to strengthen cybersecurity education.Method: A systematic literature review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, analysing 46 peer-reviewed articles published between 2020 and 2024. The review focused on educational strategies, awareness initiatives and collaboration models that support cybersecurity resilience.Results: The review revealed that continuous education, when embedded in formal, informal and professional learning contexts, significantly strengthens cybersecurity awareness and behavioural change. A proactive, multidisciplinary approach and collaboration across sectors were consistently emphasised as vital for sustained impact.Conclusion: Cybersecurity resilience is not solely a technological issue but a cultural and educational imperative. Embedding cybersecurity mindset development in national education strategies and organisational training programmes is essential to keeping pace with emerging threats.Contribution: This study contributes a consolidated understanding of how cybersecurity education and lifelong learning foster digital resilience. It offers practical insights for policymakers, educators and industry leaders seeking to align training with the evolving cyber threat landscape.