An Evaluation of Spatial Perception: A Case Study of Cognitive Mapping Analysis of Capital City Structures

The sustainability of capital city landmarks deeply influences how individuals perceive and make sense of these spaces. Environmental psychology and architectural literature emphasize that well-designed and sustainable environments foster positive perceptions, strengthening individuals' connections to these spaces. Yi-Fu Tuan's concept of topophilia highlights the emotional bonds people develop with specific places, attributing meaning to them, while Lynch's notion of the legibility of cities underscores the importance of spaces being recognizable and memorable. In this context, the sustainability of significant landmarks in capital cities positively impacts spatial perception, enhancing their physical and symbolic values. This study examines the role of landmarks in Ankara, particularly in the Kızılay and Ulus districts, within individuals’ cognitive maps. In-depth interviews and cognitive map analyses reveal that these landmarks serve as critical reference points, strengthening spatial belonging. Findings indicate that the physical and symbolic characteristics of capital city landmarks play a pivotal role in individuals' wayfinding and place-making processes. Notably, the strong bond individuals form with landmarks along the Atatürk Boulevard axis, connecting Ulus and Kızılay, emerges as a key factor supporting spatial memory and social well-being. The study concludes that preserving distinctive structures and reinforcing their relationship with the surrounding environment are essential for enhancing urban residents’ spatial perceptions. This underscores the significance of such landmarks not only as navigational aids but also as elements that contribute to collective memory and community welfare.