From traditional use to scientific scientific evidence: Medicinal potential of the amazonian plant Hura crepitans L

This study aims to critically review the scientific literature on the medicinal use of Hura crepitans L. (assacu), focusing on its phytochemical composition, pharmacological activities, and toxicity. A narrative review was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and LILACS, including 17 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Plant parts—particularly latex, seeds, and bark—contain bioactive metabolites such as flavonoids, tannins, daphnane-type diterpenes, lectins, and ribosome-inactivating proteins, associated with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and antiparasitic activities. In vitro and in vivo studies showed selective cytotoxicity against tumor cells, glycemic regulation, and inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum growth. However, the same compounds responsible for bioactivity also contribute to toxicity, as seen in latex-related poisoning cases. Despite its well-established traditional use, gaps remain regarding human safety, mechanisms of action, and clinical evaluation. H. crepitans demonstrates significant therapeutic potential, highlighting the need for a multidisciplinary approach integrating traditional knowledge and modern science for safe and effective use.