Global, regional, and national burden of headache disorders, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: A Global Burden of Disease study 2021
Headache disorders, especially migraines and tension-type headaches (TTHs), are major global public health concerns, as shown by the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021. We provide updated global estimates of prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) from 1990 to 2021 across 204 countries and territories and forecasts through 2050. In 2021, there are 2.0 billion people with TTH and 1.2 billion with migraine. Although TTH is more prevalent, migraine causes higher disability. While crude prevalence and YLDs increased, age-standardized rates remained stable and are projected to continue this trend due to population growth. There is a disproportionately higher burden in women aged 30-44 and countries with higher Socio-demographic Index and Healthcare Access and Quality Index. Despite this, migraines remain underrecognized in health policies and funding. This study emphasizes the urgent need to prioritize headache disorders in global health agendas.
Authors
- Jagadeesh Puvvula (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4927-3507)
- Giuseppe Minervini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8309-1272)
- Amr Hassan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7374-7074)
- Sohrab Amiri (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0297-0142)
- Rekha R. Shenoy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7684-1242)
- Pietro Ferrara (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0349-3221)
- Yogesh Bahurupi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2433-1624)
- Jennifer Saulam (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1238-9610)
- Payam Tabaee Damavandi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2514-2155)
- Hatem Shehata (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4865-1457)
- Luciano Nieddu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5174-3347)
- Dinh‐Toi Chu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4596-2022)
- Xingxin Wang
- Umberto Pensato (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4042-4735)
- Mukhtar Kulimbet (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4399-700X)
- Sachith Mettananda (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0760-0418)
- Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6877-6997)
- Arianna Fornari (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4228-5473)
- Bruno Bizzozero‐Peroni (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0614-5561)
- Adriana Dima (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7489-0614)
- Golnaz Heidari (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8318-9704)
- Sandip Chakraborty (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2792-3281)
- Padukudru Anand Mahesh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1632-5945)
- Aniefiok John Udoakang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6784-5508)
- Masayuki Teramoto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2318-2447)
- Fatemeh Afrashteh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3090-6175)
- Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0581-7808)
- Alberto Raggi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7433-7779)
- Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3593-6362)
- Mainak Bardhan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4106-409X)
- Mohammad Hashem Hashempur (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6700-9304)
- Abdel Rahman E’mar
- Jacopo Lenzi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2882-4223)
- Negin Eissazade (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0795-8732)
- Alireza Rafiei (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1766-6605)
- Ivo Iavicoli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0444-3792)
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- Rami Abd‐Rabu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3867-8402)
- Farzad Kompani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6090-4595)
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- Prince Peprah (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3816-2713)
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- Soeun Kim (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5874-417X)
- Thang Huu Tran (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8605-5605)
- Mário Fernando Prieto Peres (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0068-1905)
- Luis Alberto Cámera (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6754-3577)
- Yun‐Seo Oh
- Florian Fischer
- Sepehr Khosravi
- Chadi Eltaha
- Sohrab Salimi
- George N. Christodoulou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6401-0828)
- Rizwan Kalani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0700-1439)
- Prasanna Mithra
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- Shankargouda Patil
- Patrick Fazeli
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- Saleha Anwar
- Jiyeon Oh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3291-4370)
- Mahan Shafie
- Yesol Yim
- Ibrahim Mohammadzadeh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8862-0778)
- Temesgien Ergetie Dinkayehu
- Hasan Aalruz
- Sindhura Deekonda
- Donya Rezazadeh Eidgahi
- Sawsan Alabbad
- Yun Jin Kim (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0694-6844)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Cell Reports Medicine
- Published
- 2025-09-23
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2025.102348
- Citations
- 10
- Primary Topic
- Migraine and Headache Studies
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 14.71
Funders
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
- National Research Foundation
- Yonsei University
- Korea Health Industry Development Institute
- National Research Foundation of Korea
- Ministry of Education, India
- Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea
- Medical Research Council
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion