AngleCam V2: Predicting leaf inclination angles across taxa from daytime and nighttime photos

Abstract Understanding how plants capture light and maintain their energy balance is crucial for predicting how ecosystems respond to environmental changes. By monitoring leaf inclination angle distributions (LIADs), we can gain insights into plant behaviour that directly influences ecosystem functioning. LIADs affect radiative transfer processes and reflectance signals, which are essential components of satellite-based vegetation monitoring. Despite their importance, scalable methods for continuously observing these dynamics across different plant species throughout day-night cycles are limited. We present AngleCam V2, a deep learning model that estimates LIADs from both RGB and near-infrared (NIR) night-vision imagery. We compiled a dataset of over 4,500 images across 200 globally distributed species to facilitate generalization across taxa. Moreover, we developed a method to simulate pseudo-NIR imagery from RGB imagery to enable an efficient training of a deep learning model for tracking LIADs across day and night. The model is based on a vision transformer architecture with mixed-modality training using the RGB and the synthetic NIR images. AngleCam V2 achieved substantial improvements in generalization compared to AngleCam V1 (R 2 = 0.62 vs 0.12 on the same holdout dataset). Phylogenetic analysis across 100 genera revealed no systematic taxonomic bias in prediction errors. Testing against leaf angle dynamics obtained from multitemporal terrestrial laser scanning demonstrated the reliable tracking of diurnal leaf movements (R 2 = 0.61-0.75) and the successful detection of water limitation-induced changes over a 14-day monitoring period. This method enables continuous monitoring of leaf angle dynamics using conventional cameras, enabling applications in ecosystem monitoring networks, plant stress detection, interpreting satellite vegetation signals, and citizen science platforms for global-scale understanding of plant structural responses.