ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION: ADVANCES, CHALLENGES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Organ transplantation remains the definitive therapy for end-stage organ failure, saving lives and improving quality of life.Over the decades, improvements in donor selection, immunosuppression, organ preservation, and surgical techniques have significantly improved graft and recipient survival.Yet, persistent challenges include donor organ shortage, immune rejection (acute and chronic), ethical considerations, infection risks, and disparities in access.Emerging approaches-such as xenotransplantation, bioengineering of organs, immune tolerance induction, machine perfusion, and applications of artificial intelligence-offer promise for overcoming many of these barriers.This review surveys the current state of organ transplantation, highlighting recent advances, ongoing challenges, and future directions.