Drivers and Impacts of Climate Change: Comprehensive Review of Natural and Anthropogenic Forcing with GCM-Based Projections

Climate change constitutes an escalating global crisis that features significant implications for ecosystems, water resources, agriculture, and industry. Understanding its causes and potential impacts is crucial for formulating effective mitigation and adaptation strategies. This study systematically reviews recent scientific findings and scenario-based climate models to assess both the natural and anthropogenic (human-induced) factors that are driving climate change. It highlights the rising levels of atmospheric carbon, the increasing global temperatures, and the resulting environmental challenges (including extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and biodiversity losses). By drawing on more than 40 regional and global studies, this paper synthesizes results from various GCMs – particularly those that are applied in arid and semi-arid regions (where climate vulnerabilities are most pronounced). The findings revealed disparities in regional vulnerability and highlighted the necessity of selecting accurate GCMs for effective adaptation planning. By synthesizing the existing literature and climate models, this paper aims to establish a comprehensive reference for researchers and policymakers, thus facilitating informed decisionmaking that is geared toward a sustainable future.