Nexus between gender-specific unemployment and environmental degradation in selected G20 countries: insights from novel Environmental Phillips Curve

Purpose This paper aims to examine the relationship between unemployment and environmental degradation, with a focus on gender differences in selected G20 countries, using panel data from 1991 to 2018. Design/methodology/approach The study investigates the Environmental Phillips Curve, which highlights the association between unemployment and environmental degradation. Econometric techniques, including cross-sectional dependence tests, unit root tests, panel cointegration tests and panel auto-regressive distributed lag models, are employed. Findings The study reveals that female unemployment and gross domestic product (GDP) have a positive and significant impact on the ecological footprint, while male unemployment and trade reduce it. In the long run, increased GDP raises both ecological and carbon footprints, while trade reduces the carbon footprint. These results highlight the role of gender, economic activity and trade in shaping environmental outcomes, suggesting that targeted policies are needed to promote sustainable development. Originality/value This study uniquely explores the gender-specific impacts of unemployment on environmental degradation, focusing on both ecological and carbon footprints within G20 countries. The research contributes to existing literature by emphasizing the gendered dimensions of environmental degradation and highlighting the need for targeted, inclusive policies to address sustainability challenges.