GRAVES' ORBITOPATHY: AN UPDATED REVIEW OF PATHOGENESIS, CLINICAL FEATURES, AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES
Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) otherwise known as thyroid ophthalmopathy or thyroid eye disease (TED) is an ocular disorder that involves autoimmune inflammation of the soft tissues of the orbit. This leads to exophthalmos of the eyeballs and a range of other associated ocular symptoms. It is a complication of the ongoing inflammatory process in the course of Graves-Basedow disease, which leads to temporary or permanent damage to the eye. Orbitopathy most often accompanies hyperthyroidism and is rarely the only symptom of Graves' disease.
Authors
- Alicja Bury (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2950-8741)
- Julia Lipiec (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3351-4056)
- Weronika Sobota (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7778-7030)
- Przemysław Piskorz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9812-2230)
- Konrad Kotte (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9745-985X)
- Daria Litworska-Sójka (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4590-3777)
- Olaf Jadanowski (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6279-3067)
- Kamil Łebek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4612-5022)
- Bartosz Komsta (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1159-5855)
- Wojciech Pabis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3455-4724)
Institutions
- Kielce University of Technology (PL)
- Jan Kochanowski University (PL)
- Military Hospital (PK)
- University of Bydgoszcz (PL)
- Ministry of Internal Affairs (RO)
- Wojskowy Instytut Medycyny Lotniczej (PL)
- Wojewódzki Szpital Zespolony (PL)
- Grochowski Hospital (PL)
Publication Details
- Journal
- International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science
- Published
- 2025-09-19
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.3(47).2025.3718
- Primary Topic
- Ophthalmology and Eye Disorders
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00