Retinal and Choroidal Alterations in Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of OCT and OCT-A Findings with Emphasis on HFrEF

Collectively, OCT and OCT-A metrics provide useful information regarding systemic microvascular dysfunction, suggesting potential for disease detection and improved risk stratification. However, it is important to note that these findings are based on observational studies, which limits the ability to draw definitive causal conclusions. This highlights the need for prospective, longitudinal research to establish temporal relationships and validate these observations.