PATHOGENESIS OF ACUTE DIABETIC CHARCOT ARTHROPATHY IN THE FOOT AND ANKLE: A COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW

Acute Diabetic Charcot Arthropathy (ADCA) is a severe complication of diabetes mellitus in patients with peripheral neuropathy, often misdiagnosed due to its similarity to cellulitis or deep vein thrombosis. This review examines ADCA's pathophysiology, emphasizing early diagnosis to prevent progression. We explore the roles of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) in bone loss and joint degeneration, and investigate potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in Wnt and IL-17 signaling pathways. The impact of metabolic imbalances and comorbidities on ADCA development is also discussed. Our analysis reveals ADCA's complex, multifactorial nature, involving neuropathy, inflammatory responses, and metabolic dysregulation. A comprehensive management approach aimed at achieving a stable, ulcer-free foot is essential to improve patient mobility and quality of life. We conclude that early intervention is crucial, focusing on reducing stress on affected regions in inflammatory stages. This is achieved by highlighting and implementing the advances in clinical practice, integration of recent research, education of patients on the importance of early intervention alongside developing improvements to current treatments.