Born Into Risk: How Prenatal Exposure to PM2.5 Shapes Autism Outcomes

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been one of the fastest-growing developmental diagnoses worldwide. While awareness and diagnostic tools have contributed to the rise of case identifications, environmental factors are emerging as significant contributors. Among these factors, fine particulate matter (PM2.5), measured in μg/m³, has become of particular interest in the scientific community due to its potential association with changes in brain development during pregnancy. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between prenatal exposure to PM2.5 and ASD prevalence in the United States using publicly available datasets from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the CDC’s Tracking Data Explorer. Results suggest that there is a statistically significant correlation between higher PM2.5 exposure levels and increased ASD rates at the state level. Trends in PM2.5 levels and exposure, particularly in regions impacted by wildfire smoke and industrial activities, show overlaps with regions experiencing some of the most prominent increases in ASD prevalence. These findings suggest that more integrated environmental health policies should be enforced with early childhood development strategies.