Recent Advances in Design of Fault Current Limiters for Modern Power Grid Networks: A Critical Review

Fault current limiters (FCLs) are essential components in modern power systems for critical protection against the damaging effects of fault currents. With extensive short circuits, routine electrical faults, and an increasing risk of failure due to unprecedented events, the development of different types of FCL has gained attention. In literature, different types of FCLs have been studied and analyzed with several models. With the advancement of new technologies and materials evolved, the FCLs have undergone a periodic change in models and applications. This review article explores the various types of FCLs discussed in the literature, including superconducting, resistive, inductive, and hybrid FCLs. Each type is evaluated in terms of its operating principles, advantages, and challenges. The literature of FCL is reviewed extensively along with the work carried on to unwrap all mathematical models in the literature on FCLs. This review paper focuses on those research publications, within a timeframe, which can draw significant attention in bringing new technological challenges highlighting major operating parameters along with existing technologies, discussing the practical applications of these FCLs in power grids, renewable energy integration, and fault management strategies. Vital insights suggest that while each FCL type has its unique benefits, future developments are needed to enhance their cost‐effectiveness, reliability, and scalability in real‐world systems.