Local community perceptions on ecosystem services utilisation—implications for sustainable management of Kakamega Forest in Kenya

Abstract Forests play a vital role in supporting local livelihoods by providing resources and services that underpin cultural, economic, and social well-being. In Kenya’s Kakamega rainforest, participatory forest management is challenged by population pressures, yet the impact of ecosystem service (ES) flows on local communities remains insufficiently understood. This study examined how communities perceive and use forest ES and how these perceptions vary across socio-economic groups. We used a mixed-methods approach combining qualitative data (17 key informant interviews, 8 focus group discussions) and quantitative data (surveys of 453 households). Statistical analyses (Kruskal–Wallis, Chi-square, Mann–Whitney U, ANOVA) revealed 20 recognized ES, with firewood identified as the most critical (acknowledged by 86% of respondents). Provisioning ES were mainly used for domestic purposes, particularly by male respondents and individuals aged 36–48. Wealthier households placed greater value on cultural ES and associated them strongly with natural forests (2 out of 4). Significant differences in ES importance, use, and supporting land-use types were observed across wealth, age, and gender groups. These findings highlight the importance of management strategies that incorporate diverse community perspectives and promote the equitable and sustainable use of forest resources.