Renal Toxicity in Snakebite Envenomation: Insights into Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, and Management Strategies

Renal toxicity is one of the most severe complications associated with snakebite envenomation, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality among affected individuals. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of renal toxicity in snakebite victims, focusing on the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, risk factors, and current management strategies. Snake venom-induced renal damage may occur through various mechanisms, including direct nephrotoxicity, rhabdomyolysis, and coagulopathy. The extent of renal injury is influenced by factors such as venom composition, dosage, route of entry, and the victim’s pre-existing health conditions. We also conducted a bibliometric analysis of research trends in this field, highlighting a growing body of literature that reflects increased awareness of snakebite-associated renal complications and advancements in research methodologies. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the prevention and treatment of venom-induced renal toxicity, emphasizing the importance of early intervention, supportive care, and appropriate antivenom therapy. Furthermore, it identifies gaps in existing research and proposes future directions to enhance the understanding and management of renal complications caused by snake envenomation. These insights aim to improve patient outcomes and inform clinical practices in regions with a high prevalence of snakebite envenomation.