Nutritional Interventions, Nutraceuticals, and Metabolic Therapies for Long COVID and Post-COVID-19 Vaccination Syndrome

HERV-W family elements from the host genome.Excessive cytokine production, or the so-called cytokine storm, may also occur and it causes severe tissue damage and organ failure or underlies post-acute problems termed long-COVID COVID-19 a n D LOng COVIDBoth COVID-19 and long COVID are complex, multisystemic diseases that manifest a large spectrum of clinical symptoms.The scientific consensus continues to recognize severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as the primary causative agent of COVID-19 that induces an immunological response.The immunological response is closely related to one of the SARS-CoV-2 proteins, namely the spike (S) protein that is critical for infection and that is the main protein produced in the body upon application of the COVID-19 vaccines as well.Spike protein interacts and binds with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors that are abundant in the lungs, heart, kidneys, and intestines, causing various symptoms to arise, including lung inflammation and myocarditis. 1Firstly, the innate immune response occurs through activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), triggering the release of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-6 and IL-) and type I interferons (IFN-I), a process that might be correlated with activation of