Historical and Neocolonial Dimensions of Territorial Disputes: The Impact of Colonial Borders on the Present

This article examines the historical evolution of border formation, emphasizing the critical influence of political, economic, and social factors across the colonial, postcolonial, and neocolonial eras. During the colonial period, European powers imposed artificial boundaries with little regard for indigenous ethnic, cultural, or geographic realities, creating enduring fault lines in regions such as Africa, South Asia, and the Middle East. The postcolonial era saw the application of the principle of uti possidetis juris, which sought to preserve colonial boundaries to avoid territorial chaos but inadvertently exacerbated ethnic tensions and territorial disputes. In the neocolonial phase, although direct political control diminished, former colonial powers maintained influence through economic mechanisms and multinational corporations, further complicating boundary issues. The article highlights how weaker states, driven by national identity and prestige, often pursue boundary claims against more powerful actors, resulting in persistent regional instability. Comparative analysis reveals that in Asia and the Middle East, border disputes tend to escalate into militarized conflicts more frequently than in Africa, where confrontations often remain localized. Although international law provides a framework for maintaining borders, the colonial legacy continues to challenge its effectiveness. The study argues for the necessity of integrated solutions that address historical, socio-cultural, and political dimensions to achieve sustainable peace and regional cooperation.