Efficient Removal of Basic Fuchsin Dye Using a Novel SnOFe ₂ O ₃ TiO ₂ Nanocomposite: Synthesis, Characterization, and Adsorption Statistic

ABSTRACT The present study investigates the adsorption performance of SnOFe 2 O 3 TiO 2 nanocomposite for the removal of Basic Fuchsin (BF) dye from aqueous solution. The nanocomposite was synthesized via the coprecipitation method and characterized using various techniques such as TEM, SAED, and EDAX. TEM images confirmed the nanocomposite's crystalline structure with nanoscale particle sizes, while SAED patterns revealed its polycrystalline nature. EDAX analysis revealed the presence of Ti (54.9%), O (39.5%), Fe (4.8%), and Sn (0.7%), indicating TiO 2 as the dominant phase, with Fe and Sn contributing additional functionalities. Adsorption experiments were conducted to examine the effect of various operational parameters, such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and initial dye concentration. The adsorption capacity increased with pH, reaching a maximum at pH 8.5. The adsorption process followed pseudo‐second‐order kinetics with a high correlation coefficient ( R 2 = 0.99), indicating chemisorption as the primary mechanism. The Langmuir isotherm model best described the equilibrium data, with a maximum adsorption capacity ( Q max ) of 344.42 mg/g at 25°C. Thermodynamic analysis showed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic, with a slightly negative enthalpy change (Δ H °) of −0.008314 kJ/mol and a negative Gibbs free energy (Δ G °) of −3.150 kJ/mol at 298 K. The SnOFe 2 O 3 TiO 2 nanocomposite exhibited excellent reusability, retaining over 90.71% of its adsorption capacity after five consecutive cycles of regeneration using a simple desorption process. These results demonstrate the potential of SnOFe 2 O 3 TiO 2 nanocomposite as a highly efficient and sustainable adsorbent for the removal of BF dye from wastewater.