Surface engineering of chak’o nano-clay with iron oxide and APTES for enhanced heavy metal adsorption in water treatment

<ns3:p> Background The heavy metal contamination of water leads to major environmental and health problems throughout the Mantaro River basin area. The study assesses the adsorption capacity of surface-modified chak’o nano-clay for extracting lead (Pb <ns3:sup>2+</ns3:sup> ) and arsenic (As <ns3:sup>5+</ns3:sup> ). Methods Surface modifications of unmodified nano-clay were achieved using through Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), iron oxide (Fe <ns3:sub>3</ns3:sub> O <ns3:sub>4</ns3:sub> ), and combined APTES + Fe <ns3:sub>3</ns3:sub> O <ns3:sub>4</ns3:sub> modifications of unmodified nano-clay particles. Adsorption performance was assessed through batch experiments over 8 hours. BET and XPS analyses were conducted to determine surface area, pore volume, and functional group availability. Adsorption kinetics were modeled using a pseudo-second-order model, and equilibrium data were analyzed using the Langmuir isotherm. Results The dual surface modification produced maximum removal capacities which led to a 95–100% removal performance of Pb <ns3:sup>2+</ns3:sup> and As <ns3:sup>5+</ns3:sup> over 8 hours. The BET and XPS analysis demonstrated that surface area (300 m <ns3:sup>2</ns3:sup> /g to 375 m <ns3:sup>2</ns3:sup> /g) and pore volume (0.420 cm <ns3:sup>3</ns3:sup> /g to 0.600 cm <ns3:sup>3</ns3:sup> /g) as well as functional group availability increased substantially thus resulting in improved adsorption. The pseudo-second-order model fit well for adsorption kinetic data while equilibrium data fit Langmuir isotherm behavior to describe monolayer adsorption. The dual treatment of APTES in combination with iron oxide generated an adsorbent with better magnetic properties and electrical conductivity thus improving its recovery potential and structural stability. The dual-modified nano-clay showed high stability during three cycles through desorption tests because it maintained more than 90% of its original adsorption capacity throughout the process. Conclusion The research shows that specialized surface treatments deliver advanced heavy metal absorption abilities to chak’o nano-clay which positions it as a leading choice for sustainable water system heavy metal remediation. </ns3:p>