Numerical Analysis of a SEIHRD Model for a Hypothetical Ebola Outbreak During the 2025 Hajj Season in Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia, one of the world’s most frequented destinations for foreign visitors and pilgrims—particularly during the Hajj season—faces an elevated risk of infectious disease outbreaks due to the high influx of international travelers. One such potential threat is the Ebola virus, which may be introduced by individuals arriving from affected regions, especially in parts of Africa. In this study, we explore the SEIHRD epidemiological model, specifically adapted to a hypothetical Ebola outbreak scenario in Saudi Arabia. The model is represented as a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations and is numerically solved using the classical fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. The results yield critical insights into disease progression and offer strategic guidance for preparedness, control measures, and isolation protocols.