Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Antifibrotic Activity of Nonsteroidal VDR Agonists Featuring 1,6-Naphthol as a CD-Ring Surrogate

Chronic liver diseases activate hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), driving excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) and leading to liver fibrosis. Despite being a crucial precursor to cirrhosis, effective targeted antifibrotic therapies are lacking. Activation of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) has been shown to effectively alleviate liver fibrosis, yet prolonged use of currently available steroidal VDR agonists can lead to hypercalcemia. To address this issue, we performed structural optimization targeting the CD-ring and conjugated triene moiety, while preserving the A-ring and side chains, yielding 52 novel nonsteroidal VDR modulators. Among them, compounds <b>A17</b>, <b>B15</b>, and <b>B20</b> demonstrated favorable VDR binding affinity and potent antifibrotic activity <i>in vitro</i>. Notably, compound <b>B15</b> significantly reduced fibrosis without inducing hypercalcemia in a murine model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced liver fibrosis. These findings highlight the potential of these nonsteroidal VDR modulators and warrant further investigation as promising therapeutics for liver fibrosis.