Hybrid Energy Management of a Solar–Battery–Supercapacitor Powered Electric Vehicle: Simulation and Performance Investigation

Abstract: - This work presents the simulation and performance analysis of a hybrid electric vehicle (EV) powered by solar photovoltaic (PV) modules, a lithium-ion battery, and a supercapacitor, supported by a novel power management framework. The study aims to (i) evaluate the operation of a PV–battery–supercapacitor powered EV under dynamic driving cycles and (ii) investigate the effect of hybrid energy sources on system performance. Synthetic but realistic driving data were employed to analyze vehicle speed, DC link voltage, current sharing, state-of-charge (SOC), efficiency, and energy balance. Results show that the battery provides the primary energy supply (~72%), while the PV contributes ~22% and the supercapacitor ~6%, significantly reducing battery stress. The DC link voltage remains stable around 380 V with minimal fluctuation, while powertrain efficiency is maintained at ~85%. The SOC sustainability confirms extended driving range compared to a pure battery EV. The novelty of this work lies in integrating renewable solar generation with energy buffering from supercapacitors, ensuring improved energy sustainability, stable operation, and reduced dependence on charging infrastructure. These findings demonstrate the potential of hybrid energy management strategies for next-generation electric mobility solutions.