A new paradigm in greenhouse horticulture: integrating resource efficiency for sustainable intensification

Abstract The agricultural sector is called upon to face increasingly urgent challenges related to population growth and climate change. In this context, greenhouse cultivation represents a strategic solution capable of evolving towards more sustainable models from both an economic and environmental point of view. This review takes a multidisciplinary approach to fill the gap of a comprehensive view in the literature, analyzing the main strategies to improve the efficiency of energy, water, nutrient, and CO 2 use in greenhouses. The analysis identifies key factors and barriers affecting technology choices across countries, emphasizing the significant divide between developing and advanced economies. Economic incentives and supportive policies are crucial for promoting sustainable practices. While renewable energy sources can lower Long-term energy costs, their high initial investment can Limit adoption without sufficient incentives. Additionally, soilless systems can enhance water efficiency by up to 90%, yet in many arid regions, the scarcity of fresh water necessitates the exploration of alternative sources. The recovery of nutrients from waste and CO 2 from industrial symbioses are promising circular strategies. They can potentially reduce the reliance on synthetic fertilizers by 20–50% while also lowering the costs associated with carbon fertilization. The effectiveness of these solutions hinges on operators’ awareness of the associated benefits and risks, along with their capacity to select the option that best aligns with local conditions, such as available resources, infrastructure, incentives, and expertise. Therefore, our review targets farmers, investors, researchers, and policymakers, aiming to enhance understanding of the various strategies available and how they can foster a balance between economic viability and environmental sustainability, tailored to specific contexts. Graphical Abstract