Estimation of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Zn) in raw, commercial and traditional Eye-khol samples sold in Libya

Libya and other Arab nations have long used cosmetics, especially traditional Eye-khol, for both cosmetic and therapeutic reasons. The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and Zn) in eyeliner pens, tattoo supplies, and different kinds of eye-khol (raw, commercial, and traditional) that are sold in Libyan markets. The aim was to assess potential health risks and to compare the results with the international legislation safety standards. A total of 27 samples were analysed: 12 eye-liners, 6 tattoo products and 9 raw and commercial eye-khols. Dry digestion method was used and the concentrations of the metals were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS). Lead (Pb) levels in traditional Eye-khol samples were found to be alarmingly high, with some exceeding 10000 µg/g, well above the WHO's safe limits. All product types had detectable levels of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn), with some commercial eyeliners and tattoo products surpassing allowable limits. Results revealed that kohl samples have the highest concentration of most of the studied metals, particularly Pb. The common practice of applying traditional Eye-khol to infants raises serious health concerns because it exposes them to elevated Pb levels. These results highlight how urgently stronger regulatory monitoring and greater public education about the risks of heavy metal pollution in the environment are needed.