International female rugby union players’ perceptions of how the menstrual cycle affects players on and off the field

There is limited research on female rugby players, particularly concerning how the menstrual cycle affects performance. This study explored international female rugby players perceptions and experiences of how the menstrual cycle impacts both on and off-field performance. Twelve international female rugby players (aged 26 ± 3.5 years) representing eight nations participated in one-to-one semi-structured interviews. Reflexive thematic analysis identified three themes: (1) cycle-sensitive behaviour modifications, (2) the mental burden of the menstrual cycle, and (3) audience apprehension. Athletes reported adjusting training routines to manage menstrual symptoms, with abdominal and breast pain often prompting avoidance of contact drills. Tight-fitting kit exacerbated discomfort during bloating, and concerns about leakage, odour, and visibility of menstrual products disrupted performance focus. The findings highlight the need for greater awareness and support around menstrual health in elite rugby. Future researchers should prioritise developing strategies to minimise the menstrual cycle's impact both on and off-field performance.