Pathogen Identification, Antagonistic Microbe Screening, and Biocontrol Strategies for Aconitum carmichaelii Root Rot

The undefined microbial ecology of <i>Aconitum carmichaelii</i> root rot in western Yunnan constrains the advancement of eco-friendly control strategies. The identification of potential pathogenic determinants affecting <i>A. carmichaelii</i> growth is imperative for sustainable cultivation and ecosystem integrity. High-throughput sequencing was employed to profile microbial communities across four critical niches, namely rhizosphere soil, tuberous root epidermis, root endosphere, and fibrous roots of healthy and diseased <i>A. carmichaelii</i>. The physicochemical properties of corresponding rhizosphere soils were concurrently analyzed. Putative pathogens were isolated from diseased rhizospheres and tubers through culturing with Koch's postulates validation, while beneficial microorganisms exhibiting antagonism against pathogens and plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits were isolated from healthy rhizospheres. Highly virulent strains (2F14, FZ1, L23) and their consortia were targeted for suppression. Strain DX3, demonstrating optimal PGP and antagonistic capacity in vitro, was selected for pot trials evaluating growth enhancement and disease control efficacy. Significant disparities in rhizosphere soil properties and bacterial/fungal community structures were evident between healthy and diseased cohorts. Fifteen putative pathogens spanning eight species across four genera were isolated: <i>Fusarium solani</i>, <i>F. avenaceum</i>, <i>Clonostachys rosea</i>, <i>Mucor racemosus</i>, <i>M. irregularis</i>, <i>M. hiemalis</i>, <i>Serratia liquefaciens</i>, and <i>S. marcescens</i>. Concurrently, eight PGP biocontrol strains were identified: <i>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</i>, <i>B. velezensis</i>, <i>B. subtilis</i>, <i>B. pumilus</i>, and <i>Paenibacillus polymyxa.</i> Pot trials revealed that <i>Bacillus</i> spp. enhanced soil physiochemical properties through nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, potassium mobilization, siderophore production, and cellulose degradation, significantly promoting plant growth. Critically, DX3 inoculation elevated defense-related enzyme activities in <i>A. carmichaelii</i>, enhanced host resistance to root rot, and achieved >50% disease suppression efficacy. This work delineates key pathogenic determinants of Yunnan <i>A. carmichaelii</i> root rot and identifies promising multifunctional microbial resources with dual PGP and biocontrol attributes. Our findings provide novel insights into rhizosphere microbiome-mediated plant health and establish a paradigm for sustainable disease management.