Electrochemical Synthesis of Aminated Polyaniline/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Composite for Selective Dopamine Detection in Artificial Urine

Monitoring dopamine (DA) has attracted increasing attention due to alterations in DA levels associated with brain disorders. In addition, the urinary DA concentration plays a significant role in the sympathoadrenal system. A decrease in DA can impair reward-seeking behavior and cognitive flexibility. Therefore, accurate and precise DA detection is necessary. In this study, a poly(3-aminobenzylamine)/functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube (PABA/f-CNT) composite thin film was fabricated by electrochemical synthesis, or electropolymerization, of 3-aminobenzylamine (3-ABA) monomer and f-CNTs through cyclic voltammetry (CV) on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)-coated glass substrate, which also served as a working electrode for label-free DA detection in artificial urine. The formation of the film was confirmed by the obtained cyclic voltammogram, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) plots, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) images. The chemical components of the films were analyzed using attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For label-free DA detection, various concentrations (50-1000 nM) of DA were determined in buffer solution through differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The fabricated PABA/f-CNT film presented two linear ranges of 50-400 nM (R² = 0.9915) and 500-1000 nM (R² = 0.9443), with sensitivities of 1.97 and 0.95 µA·cm^-2·µM^-1, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantity (LOQ) were 119.54 nM and 398.48 nM, respectively. In addition, the PABA/f-CNT film provided excellent selectivity against common interferents (ascorbic acid, uric acid, and glucose) with high stability, reproducibility, and repeatability. For potential future medical applications, DA detection was further performed in artificial urine, yielding a high percentage of recovery.