The role of vitamins in dementia prevention and cognitive health: A comprehensive review

Dementia is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline that interferes with daily functioning, particularly in the elderly. As one of the leading causes of disability among older adults, dementia remains a significant public health concern. Emerging evidence suggests that certain vitamins may play a crucial role in the prevention and management of cognitive impairment. This review explores the potential impact of key micronutrients specifically water-soluble vitamins such as vitamin C and B-complex (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, B12), and fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K on dementia pathogenesis and cognitive function. Vitamin B deficiencies have been associated with brain atrophy, an early indicator of cognitive decline, and supplementation has shown promise in enhancing memory and slowing brain shrinkage. Similarly, vitamin C exhibits antioxidative properties that may protect against neurodegeneration. While nutritional support, particularly through micronutrient intake, is increasingly considered a viable strategy for cognitive preservation, findings from epidemiological and clinical studies remain mixed. These inconsistencies highlight the need for further research to determine optimal dosing, efficacy, and long-term impact of vitamin supplementation in dementia prevention. A well-balanced diet rich in essential vitamins may support brain health, but individual variability suggests the importance of personalized nutritional interventions. This review underscores the potential role of vitamins in maintaining cognitive health and calls for continued investigation into their therapeutic utility in delaying or preventing dementia.