From Thermosetting Resins to Energy Devices: A Review on Polybenzoxazine-Derived Materials for Supercapacitors

Polybenzoxazines (PBZs) have garnered significant attention as a versatile class of precursors for the development of advanced carbon-based materials, particularly in the field of electrochemical energy storage. This review comprehensively examines recent progress in the synthesis, structural design, and application of polybenzoxazine-derived materials for supercapacitor electrodes. Owing to their intrinsic nitrogen content, tunable functionality, and excellent thermal and mechanical stability, polybenzoxazines serve as ideal precursors for producing nitrogen-doped porous carbons with high surface areas and desirable electrochemical properties. This review discusses the influence of molecular design, polymerization conditions, and carbonization parameters on the resulting microstructure and performance of the materials. Furthermore, the electrochemical behavior of these materials in both electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) and pseudocapacitors is analyzed in detail. Challenges such as optimizing pore architecture, improving conductivity, and achieving scalable synthesis are also addressed. This article highlights emerging trends and offers perspectives on the future development of polybenzoxazine-derived materials for next-generation high-performance supercapacitors.