Evaluation of Malaria Incidence and Management in Under-Five Children: A Study at Specialist Hospital, Yola North, Adamawa State Nigeria

Malaria remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly affecting children under five years old. This retrospective study evaluates malaria cases in under-five children at the Pediatric Ward of Specialist Hospital, Yola North, Adamawa State, Nigeria, from January 2000 to December 2023. Using hospital records, the study aimed to determine the prevalence, complications, and mortality rates of malaria, with a specific focus on demographic factors such as age and gender. A total of 14,136 malaria cases were recorded, with 60.6% of cases occurring in male children. Infants (under one year) had the highest incidence, accounting for 46.3% of cases. The study also identified 1,078 complicated malaria cases, with the highest prevalence in the 3-4 years age group, and 436 malaria-related deaths, predominantly affecting male children and those aged 3-4 years. Descriptive and chi-square statistical analyses were performed to assess associations between age, gender, and malaria outcomes. The findings highlight a significant gender disparity, with higher malaria prevalence and mortality rates in male children. Environmental factors, such as standing water and inadequate sanitation, along with poor access to healthcare services, were key contributors to the persistent malaria burden. Additionally, maternal education was identified as a protective factor, with better-educated mothers showing a lower incidence of malaria in their children. Despite the availability of malaria control interventions, such as insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) and antimalarial drugs, challenges such as drug resistance and delayed healthcare seeking behaviors continue to impede effective malaria control. The study highlights the need for improved healthcare infrastructure, targeted interventions, and community awareness programs to reduce malaria incidence and mortality, particularly among vulnerable children under five in malaria-endemic areas like Yola North.