Optimization of Grid-Tied Photovoltaic Tilt and Azimuth Angles for a Residential and Commercial Building Considering Fixed and Bi-Annual Orientation With Constant or Varying Import and Export Tariffs

Abstract Optimizing photovoltaic (PV) panel orientation is crucial to maximizing their value. While energy collection is often the primary focus, revenue optimization requires considering additional factors. This study contributes to the growing analysis of optimum orientation for revenue by investigating a commercial and residential type building across four US cities with three tariff plans. Using PVWatts application programming interface version 8, annual and bi-annual orientations are analyzed for each location and building type. Results show that the maximum difference in savings between energy-oriented and savings-oriented panels is 2.45% (annual) and 3.12% (bi-annual). Analysis reveals that when export value is nonexistent, optimum orientation prioritizes hours where the building load is at its peak. This peak can correspond with hours where renewable energy generation is also at its highest, but it does not have to. In contrast, when export value exceeds import, optimum orientation targets low-electricity periods. In addition, when the only choices for the orientation of a PV panel are the angles of different roof races of a building, there is a significant difference in the optimum energy/savings output when comparing the different optimum roof sides. Notably, the warehouse's optimum revenue orientation is closer to energy optimization than for a single-family home, resulting in smaller differences in savings. This study highlights the importance of considering revenue optimization and tariff structures when determining the ideal PV panel orientation, leading to increased savings and value for building owners. The findings provide valuable insights for optimizing PV systems, demonstrating that a comprehensive approach considering multiple factors is essential for maximizing the value of PV installations.