Estimating DNA Sequence Similarities Using Spectral Distance

DNA is a double helix nucleic acid that encodes genetic information essential for the appropriate development of various cells and is linked to the transmission of hereditary traits. In this article, we will discuss the significance of detecting similarities between the DNA of humans and closely related organisms like orangutans and gorillas. Because many studies and research have confirmed that the DNA sequence is closest to these two organisms, two other organisms will be added for comparison with humans, namely, the rabbit and the mouse. The degree of similarity in the DNA sequences of the organisms used can be estimated mathematically and evaluated using distance measures. We utilized the graph hypothesis method, a quantitative technique, to assess genetic relatedness. The first step in this study was to examine each element’s DNA clusters as a coordinate graph. Thereafter, the spectrum was developed as a vector for every graph, and the proximity network was established. Using a spectrum to determine how close two DNA sequences are can be evaluated using distance metrics, including cosine, Euclidean, and correlation.