Stabilization of bulk nanobubbles with a hydrate layer

The stabilization of nanobubbles is considered with the balance of the Laplace pressure at their boundary due to surface tension and electrostatic pressure due to Coulomb forces. The presence of a hydrate layer of thickness ~1 nm with a tangential orientation of water dipoles around it is taken into account, the low permittivity of which, approximately equal to 3, increases the pressure at the nanobubble boundary. The sizes and charge of a stable nanobubble are determined. It is shown that in salt water, the hydration layer, regardless of the charge of the nanobubble, increases the pressure at its boundary by almost 30 times, and in fresh water - several times less.