Recent Advances and Innovations in Optical Coherence Tomography: Transforming Diagnosis and Management of Retinal Diseases

Background: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has revolutionized the field of ophthalmology since its introduction in 1991, providing high-resolution imaging of retinal and choroidal structures. This non-invasive imaging technique has become integral in diagnosing and managing various retinal diseases, including neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR). Methods: This review synthesizes recent advancements in OCT technology and methodologies, categorizing them into clinical applications, scientific developments, and technological innovations. The review covers various OCT modalities, including time-domain OCT, spectral-domain OCT, swept-source OCT, visible light OCT, adaptive optics OCT, and polarization-sensitive OCT, as well as portable and intraoperative OCT devices. Results: The findings demonstrate that advancements in OCT technologies have significantly enhanced the detection and monitoring of retinal diseases. Key developments include improved imaging resolution, speed, and the ability to visualize previously obscured choroidal structures. Innovations such as home-based OCT devices and intraoperative OCT (iOCT) have further improved patient care, allowing for real-time imaging during surgical procedures and facilitating daily monitoring for at-risk individuals. Conclusion: The evolution of OCT technology continues to enhance our understanding of retinal pathologies and improve clinical outcomes. The integration of advanced imaging techniques promises to refine diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic interventions, heralding a new era in the management of retinal diseases. Future research should focus on the widespread implementation of these technologies in clinical settings to maximize their potential benefits.