WTO Moratorium on E-commerce in RTAs from A Human Security Perspective

This paper investigates the WTO moratorium on e-commerce through a human security framework, specifically within the context of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). As the global economy increasingly transitions to digital commerce, it is vital to understand the implications of this moratorium to ensure that the benefits of e-commerce are distributed fairly while protecting individual rights. The primary objectives of this research are to evaluate the economic, social, and political effects of the moratorium on human security and to identify effective strategies for its integration into trade policies. Employing a qualitative methodology, this study reviews pertinent literature, analyzes case studies from RCEP and CPTPP, and conducts policy analysis to examine the interplay between e-commerce and human security. The findings reveal that while the moratorium facilitates market access for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and fosters economic growth, it also risks intensifying existing inequalities and creating regulatory challenges. Furthermore, issues related to data privacy and cybersecurity are highlighted as significant concerns. These findings emphasize the necessity for policymakers to adopt a balanced approach that prioritizes human rights in tandem with trade facilitation. By incorporating human security considerations into e-commerce discussions, this research advocates for the creation of inclusive digital economies that empower marginalized communities. Keywords: WTO Moratorium, E-commerce, RTAs, Human rights, Human security.