Kinematical and physical diagnostics of dark energy: Insights beyond the ΛCDM model

The universe is expanding at an accelerating rate; this observation has been confirmed by several astronomical studies. To understand the cause of this acceleration, in the present analysis we used a new theory of gravity, [Formula: see text] gravity. in which T suggests a torsion scalar that is responsible for the same acceleration. The torsion scalar is a mathematical concept that describes twisting motion in spacetime. We tested this theory by considering the Hubble parameter [Formula: see text]. We then compared the calculated [Formula: see text] parameters with observational data from various astronomical studies. Our results show that our theory agrees well with observations, similar to the standard [Formula: see text]CDM model, which is the most widely accepted theory on the universe’s evolution. The agreement is especially good at later times in the universe evolution, meaning that our theory accurately predicts the universe expansion history to the present day. Finally, we analyzed how the cosmological parameters, such as energy density and isotropic pressure, behave in our model. This helps us understand how these parameters influence the evolution of the universe.