A Non-Radial Inverse Network Data Envelopment Analysis (NDEA) Model with Reversible Output and Fixed Technical and Cost Efficiency

Inverse Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) models have been widely discussed in the literature and are regarded as useful decision-making tools for managers in diverse fields such as the economy and industries.However, the network-based variant of the models remains a relatively neglected area of research.In this study, a Supply Chain (SC) or, more broadly, an inverse Network DEA (NDEA) is investigated in which we estimate the input after observing increased output under a manager and where the values of technical and cost efficiencies remain unchanged.We develop an inverse NDEA model with non-radial changes to evaluate technical efficiency.Because of the model's network-based structure, new constraints are added to the model to more accurately simulate the relationships between the network's components.A significant factor to consider is the intermediate productions returned in the inverse NDEA on the condition that technical and cost efficiency either remain fixed or only increase according to the manager's judgment.Furthermore, we apply the model to a real-world industrial case and evaluate the results.To arrive at accurate estimates, the basic principles of networks should be considered when considering the intermediate productions between two components of the SC.It is also important to consider the relationships between production, supply, and consumption in the SC to describe the relationships between SC components comprehensively.A practical example is provided to investigate the different aspects of the developed model.