Smartphone-Based Biosensors: Current Trends, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Smartphone-based biosensors are emerging as transformative tools for personalized medicine and real-time health monitoring. This study critically examines recent advancements in mass-sensitive, optical, and electrochemical biosensing technologies, highlighting their application in detecting disease biomarkers. Beyond a summary of technological progress, this paper presents a strategic roadmap that addresses persistent barriers to clinical deployment, including sensor calibration inconsistencies, lack of interoperability, and limited scalability. The proposed framework leverages explainable artificial intelligence (AI) for enhanced diagnostic interpretation and outlines pathways for low-cost, scalable manufacturing using advanced nanomaterials. By bridging technical innovation with practical implementation, this work contributes a replicable model for developing equitable, reliable smartphone biosensors capable of expanding access to preventive and individualized healthcare worldwide.